Monkey History,Monkey Scientific name,Monkey Description,Type of Monkeys,Monkey Relationship with Human,Monkey Lifespan,Monkey Religion and worship,Monkey Behaviour,Monkey Reproduction

 Hello friends today we are talk adout Indian Monkey.

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes

The rhesus monkey is one of the most famous species of Old World monkeys and distributed in large population across the country. Rhesus Macaques is native to Asia and have a widest geographic ranges in India, Rajasthan, Delhi and Varanasi are few city place to located these monkeys in temples and society.

Ever wondered how many different types of monkeys are found in India? Here is a quick list of different species of monkeys of India including the common enough langurs to the not so common and recently discovered Arunachal Macaque.Though monkey is the general term used to describe all these tree hopping animals, monkeys are actually part of the order Primates which also include apes, prosimians like the lemur and humans.

History of Monkey

Monkey is a common name that may refer to groups or species of mammals, in part, the simians of infraorder Simiiformes. The term is applied descriptively to groups of primates, such as families of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys. Many monkey species are tree-dwelling (arboreal), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Most species are also active during the day (diurnal). Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent, especially the Old World monkeys of Catarrhini.

Simians and tarsiers emerged within haplorrhines some 60 million years ago. New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago. Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 million years ago. Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [35-32 million years ago], eosimiidea and sometimes even the Catarrhini group are also considered monkeys by primatologists.

Lemurs, lorises, and galagos are not monkeys; instead they are strepsirrhine primates. Like monkeys, tarsiers are haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys.Apes emerged within "monkeys" as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. There has been resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or the Catarrhini.

 That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century.

Description

As apes have emerged in the monkey group as sister of the old world monkeys, characteristics that describe monkeys are generally shared by apes as well. Williams et al outlined evolutionary features, including in stem groupings, contrasted against the other primates such as the tarsiers and the lemuriformes.Monkeys range in size from the pygmy marmoset, which can be as small as 117 millimetres (4.6 in) with a 172-millimetre (6.8 in) tail and just over 100 grams (3.5 oz) in weight, to the male mandrill, almost 1 metre (3.3 ft) long and weighing up to 36 kilograms (79 lb). Some are arboreal (living in trees) while others live on the savanna; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders).

Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have prehensile tails while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Old World monkeys have trichromatic color vision like that of humans, while New World monkeys may be trichromatic, dichromatic, or—as in the owl monkeys and greater galagos—monochromatic. Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward-facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps.

Type of Monkeys

1. Spyder Monkey
2. Squirrel Monkey
3. Vervet Monkey
4. Monkey Species
5. Proboscis Monkey
6. pygmy marmoset
7. Rhesus Macaque
8. Common Marmoset
9. Gibbon
10. Golden Lion tamar
11. Howler Monkey
12. Japanese Macaque
13. Mandrill
14. Blue Monkey
15. Capuchin Monkey

Relationship with Human

The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are kept as pets, others used as model organisms in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in monkey drives (when they threaten agriculture) or used as service animals for the disabled.

In some areas, some species of monkey are considered agricultural pests, and can cause extensive damage to commercial and subsistence crops. This can have important implications for the conservation of endangered species, which may be subject to persecution. In some instances farmers' perceptions of the damage may exceed the actual damage. Monkeys that have become habituated to human presence in tourist locations may also be considered pests, attacking tourists.

In popular culture monkeys are a symbol of playfulness, mischief and fun.

Some organizations train capuchin monkeys as service animals to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments. After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with a disabled persons. Around the house, the monkeys assist with daily tasks such as feeding, fetching, manipulating objects, and personal care.In 2010, the U.S. federal government revised its definition of service animal under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Non-human primates are no longer recognized as service animals under the ADA. The American Veterinary Medical Association does not support the use of non-human primates as assistance animals because of animal welfare concerns, the potential for serious injury to people, and risks that primates may transfer dangerous diseases to humans.

Religion and worship

Monkey is the symbol of fourth Tirthankara in Jainism, Abhinandananatha.

Hanuman, a prominent deity in Hinduism, is a human-like monkey god who is believed to bestow courage, strength and longevity to the person who thinks about him or Rama.

In Buddhism, the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also represent trickery and ugliness. The Chinese Buddhist "mind monkey" metaphor refers to the unsettled, restless state of human mind. Monkey is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness.

The Sanzaru, or three wise monkeys, are revered in Japanese folklore; together they embody the proverbial principle to "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature. They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in their art.

The Tzeltal people of Mexico worshipped monkeys as incarnations of their dead ancestors.

Lifespan

They typically have a lifespan of about 25 years.

The Rhesus Macaque is well known to science owing to its relatively easy upkeep in captivity, and has been used extensively in medical and biological research.

Behaviour

According to the scientists, the animals seem to exhibit a complex process of intelligence: the ability to understand and display intent — the basic building blocks of language. Such a study on a wild, untamed population interacting with humans hasn’t been done before, and could have huge implications for fields such as anthropology and evolutionary biology.This finding possibly pushes back the time period since we thought animals were capable of developing precursors to a language, possibly preceding even our ancestral ape family.

A major question in the study of human evolution is how, why, and when we came up with the idea of a language we can speak. These are puzzles anthropologists, palaeontologists, and linguists are yet to satisfactorily answer. One of the ways we attempt to answer them today is by observing communication in other animals.

Reproduction

Adult male macaques try to maximize their reproductive success by entering into sex with females both in and outside the breeding period. Females prefer to mate with males that are not familiar to her. Outsider males who are not members of the female's own troop are preferred over higher ranking males. Outside of the consortship period male and female return the prior behavior of not exhibiting preferential treatment or any special relationship.

The breeding period can last up to 11 days, and a female usually mates with numerous males during that time. Male rhesus macaques have been observed to fight for access to sexually receptive females and they suffer more wounds during the mating season. Female macaques first breed when they are four years old, and reach menopause at around 25 years of age. Male macaques generally play no role in raising the young, but do have peaceful relationships with the offspring of their consort pairs.

Manson and Parry found that free-ranging rhesus macaques avoid inbreeding. Adult females were never observed to copulate with males of their own matrilineage during their fertile periods.

Mothers with one or more immature daughters in addition to their infants are in contact with their infants less than those with no older immature daughters, because the mothers may pass the parenting responsibilities to their daughters. High-ranking mothers with older immature daughters also reject their infants significantly more than those without older daughters, and tend to begin mating earlier in the mating season than expected based on their dates of parturition the preceding birth season.Infants farther from the center of the groups are more vulnerable to infanticide from outside groups. Some mothers abuse their infants, which is believed to be the result of controlling parenting styles.

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